1957 Unix, Linux, and variant history Bell Labs found they needed an operating system for their computer center which at the time was running various batch jobs. The BESYS operating system was created at Bell Labs to deal with these needs. 1965 Bell Labs was adopting third generation computer equipment and decided to join forces with General Electric and MIT to create Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service). 1969 By April 1969, AT&T made a decision to withdraw Multics and go with GECOS. When Multics was withdrawn Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie needed to rewrite an operating system in order to play space travel on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 [Programmed Data Processor 4K memory for user programs). The result was a system which a punning colleague called UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service)--an 'emasculated Multics'. 1969 Summer 1969 Unix was developed. 1969 Linus Torvalds is born. 1971 First edition of Unix released 11/03/1971. The first edition of the "Unix PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL [by] K. Thompson [and] D. M. Ritchie." It includes over 60 commands like: b (compile B program); boot (reboot system); cat (concatenate files); chdir (change working directory); chmod (change access mode); chown (change owner); cp (copy file); ls (list directory contents); mv (move or rename file); roff (run off text); wc (get word count); who (who is one the system). The main thing missing was pipes. 1972 Second edition of Unix released 12/06/1972 1972 Ritchie rewrote B and called the new language C. 1973 Unix had been installed on 16 sites (all within AT&T/Western Electric); it was publically unveiled at a conference in October. 1973 Third edition of Unix released February 1973 1973 Forth edition of Unix released November 1973 1974 Fifth edition of Unix released June 1974 1974 Thompson went to UC Berkeley to teach for a year, Bill Joy arrived as a new graduate student. Frustrated with ed, Joy developed a more featured editor em. 1975 Sixth edition of Unix released May 1975 1975 Bourne shell is introduced begins being added onto. 1977 1BSD released late 1977 1978 2BSD released mid 1978 1979 Seventh edition of Unix released January 1979 1979 3BSD released late 1979 1979 SCO founded by Doug and Larry Michels as Unix porting and consulting company. 1980 4.0BSD released October 1980 1982 SGI introduces IRIX. 1983 SCO delivers its first packaged Unix system called SCO XENIX System V for Intel 8086 and 8088 processor-based PCs. 1984 Ultrix 1.0 was released. 1985 Eighth edition of Unix released February 1985 1985 The GNU manifesto is published in the March 1985 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal. The GNU project starts a year and a half later. 1986 HP-UX 1.0 released. 1986 Ninth edition of Unix released September 1986 1987 Sun and AT&T lay the groundwork for business computing in the next decade with an alliance to develop Unix System V Release 4. 1988 HP-UX 2.0 released. 1988 HP-UX 3.0 released. 1989 SCO ships SCO Unix System V/386, the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the Unix System trademark. 1989 HP-UX 7.0 released. 1989 Tenth edition of Unix released October 1989 1990 AIX short for Advanced Interactive eXecutive was first entered into the market by IBM February 1990. 1991 Sun unveils Solaris 2 operating environment, specially tuned for symetric multiprocessing. 1991 Linux is introduced by Linus Torvalds, a student in Finland. Who post to the comp.os.minix newsgroup with the words: Hello everybody out there using minix - I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. 1991 HP-UX 8.0 released. 1991 BSD/386 ALPHA First code released to people outside BSDI 12/xx/1991 1992 HP-UX 9.0 released. 1993 NetBSD 0.8 released 04/20/1993 1993 FreeBSD 1.0 released December of 1993 1994 Red Hat Linux is introduced. 1994 Caldera, Inc was founded in 1994 by Ransom Love and Bryan Sparks. 1994 NetBSD 1.0 released 10/26/1994 1995 FreeBSD 2.0 released 01/xx/1995 1995 SCO acquires Unix Systems source technology business from Novell Corporation (which had acquired it from AT&T's Unix System Laboratories). SCO also acquires UnixWare 2 operating system from Novell. 1995 HP-UX 10.0 released. 1995 4.4 BSD Lite Release 2 the true final distribution from the CSRG 06/xx/1995 1996 KDE is started to be developed by Matthias Ettrich 1997 HP-UX 11.0 released. 1997 Caldera ships OpenLinux Standard 1.1 May 5, 1997, the second offering in Caldera's OpenLinux product line 1998 IRIX 6.5 the fifth generation of SGI Unix is released July 6, 1998. 1998 SCO delivers UnixWare 7 operating system. 1998 Sun Solaris 7 operating system released. 1998 FreeBSD 3.0 released 10/16/1998 2000 FreeBSD 4.0 released 03/13/2000 2000 Caldera Systems Inc. announces that Caldera Systems has entered into agreement to acquire the SCO Server Software Division and the Professional Services Division. 2001 Linus Torvalds releases version 2.4 of the Linux Kernel source code on January 4th. 2001 Microsoft files a trademark suit against Lindows.com in December. 2004 Lindows changes it's name to Linspire April 14, 2004.

History of GNU/Linux

The Complete Concise History of GNU/Linux There are reams and reams written about the history of Linux umpteen times by many. So why another post on the history of Linux? I felt that I wouldn't be doing justice if this site dedicated to Linux didn't have atleast one post telling how Linux evolved from a project started by a university student to the robust OS it is now. But as the title indicates, I have kept it really short so that any one can come up-to-date by just glancing through it. To actually know the whole history, you have to go all the way back to 1971. In June 1971, Richard Matthew Stallman joined MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory as a programmer where he gained popularity with the hacker community and came to be known by his now popular name RMS. At that time, all the programmers used to share their code freely among each other cutting across various institutions. Fig: Richard Mathew Stallman - The Father of GNU Movement In 1980, with the advent of portable software - ie software that can be compiled to run on different computers, a business model emerged where in, the companies developing the code refused to share the code with their clients and began restricting copying and redistribution of their software by copyrighting it. In response to this trend, Stallman, who believed in the principle that software has to be free always, founded the Free Software Foundation and in 1985, published the GNU Manifesto. This manifesto outlined his motivation for creating a free OS called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix. By the way, GNU is a recursive acronym for GNU is Not Unix. He along with a group of like minded programmers started work in developing the tools needed to make a complete OS - like an editor (Emacs), a C compiler (GCC), libraries and all associated generic Unix tools like cat,ls, chmod etc. In the same year (1985), a professor by name Andy Tanenbaum wrote a Unix like Operating system from scratch based on System V standards POSIX and IEEE for the Intel i386 platform. He named it Minix. Fig: Prof. Andy Tanenbaum - Creator of Minix OS In 1989, Stallman released the first program independent GNU General Public Licence now popularly known as GPL or copyleft. Not only that, he published all his work under this licence. Now the only thing that GNU lacked was a completely free OS kernel. Even though work was going on in developing HURD which was to fill that gap, the progress was slow. In 1990, A finnish student by name Linus Torvalds studying in the University of Helsinki came into contact with Andy Tanenbaum's OS, Minix. Linus wanted to upgrade Minix by putting in more features and improvements. But he was prohibited by Tanenbaum to do so. Then Linus decided to write his own kernel and released it under GPL. This kernel is now popularly known as Linux. Fig: Linus Torvalds - Father of Linux After 1997, a programming model other than the GPLed model emerged which is now popularly known as the Open Source Initiative. Bruce Perens is credited for creating the Open Source definition - the manifesto of the Open Source movement in software. Eric.S.Raymond another hacker became one of the prominent voice in this movement. But he is more known for his very popular essay "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" which has since been published as a hard cover book by O'Reilly. Fig: Bruce Perens - Cofounder of Open Source Initiative Fig: Eric S Raymond Fig: Alan Cox - Has made major contributions in coding the Linux Kernel. Fig: Jon Maddog Hall - Another leader of the Open Source movement. Popular Linus Speak If you want to travel around the world and be invited to speak at a lot of different places, just write a Unix operating system. An infinite number of monkeys typing into GNU emacs would never make a good program. Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did. Really, I'm not out to destroy Microsoft. That will just be a completely unintentional side effect. (NewYork Times Interview) Popular Richard Stallman Speak When you are talking about Linux as a OS, you should refer to it as GNU/Linux. Linux is just the kernel. All the tools that make Linux an OS has been contributed by GNU movement and hence the name GNU/Linux. I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing code. But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life making the world a worse place. (On why he decided against writing propritery software). Fighting patents one by one will never eliminate the danger of software patents, any more than swatting mosquitoes will eliminate malaria. (While talking on how to fight software patents - singly and together). If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the results. If you want to accomplish something in the world, idealism is not enough--you need to choose a method that works to achieve the goal. In other words, you need to be "pragmatic." We don't think of the Open Source movement as an enemy. The enemy is proprietary software. I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. People sometimes ask me if it is a sin in the Church of Emacs to use vi. Using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance. So happy hacking. Value your freedom or you will lose it, teaches history. 'Don't bother us with politics', respond those who don't want to learn. Popular Raymond speak Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow. Popular Tanenbaum speak LINUX is obsolete (In a Usenet message in 1992) Be thankful you are not my student. You would not get a high grade for such a design. Writing a new OS only for the 386 in 1991 gets you your second 'F' for this term. (To Linus Torvalds). Microkernels are not a pipe dream. They represent proven technology. While most people can talk rationally about kernel design and portability, the issue of free-ness is 100% emotional. Little known facts about Linus Torvalds Linus wanted to name his OS Freax instead of Linux. Linus is known as the 'Benevolent dictator for life' of Linux kernel. Linus's parents were both left wing campus radicals. His father was a communist who spent a year studying in Moscow. You and Me - We all form a part of the Linux history. As you can see from the figure above, the ordinary users of Linux form the base of the Linux pyramid. If the user base disappears, the whole pyramid crumbles. So if you are a linux user, then you can boast to your kids, grandkids and great grandkids (if you are still alive ;) ) about the role you played in shaping the history of this wonderful OS.

wel-come to linux world

-:BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF LINUX:- LINUX Is an operating system like windows but it is not window.It is more secure then windows.It is server based operating system.LINUX is user to configure servers.where we need more security then we use LINUX...................